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If you have already received some Solution Focused training or our Solution Oriented training at Sycol, this information will help supplement what you have learned.
Content of this page
 | Introduction to Solution Oriented Work. | | Sycol's Principles of Solution Oriented Work. | | 3 Session Change Programme. | | Outcome Studies References regarding Solution Oriented Work. | | General References regarding Solution Oriented Work. | | Web Links. |
Solution Oriented is simple to understand. Its practice can sometimes be another matter – that's we need the training and probably supervision.
Introduction The Solution-Oriented approach is practical in problem-resolution and can be adapted well to many situations, for example, individual/group behaviour problems, learning difficulties, parent and family issues, whole school/system, organisations. Solution-oriented work is usually brief (although all approaches are! - about 4.7 sessions on average), which stresses respect and collaboration as well as effectiveness and positive outcomes. Combining the best of Carl Rogers' use of acknowledgement and validation, as well as the approaches of Milton Erickson and Narrative Therapy, Solution-Oriented work considers clients as experts on their concerns, problems, goals and responses to intervention. Sycol's Principles of Solution Oriented Work are: | If it works, do more of it; If it doesn't work, do something different | | A small change in any aspect of a problem can initiate a solution | | People have the necessary resources to change problems | | A focus on future possibilities and solutions enhances change | | No sign up- no change | | Co-operation enhances change | | The problem is the problem; not the person | | Possibilities are infinite | | People have unique solutions to their unique story about their problems | | Keep one foot in pain and one in possibility |
| An application of Solution Oriented Work:
3 session change programme© (3scp)
Developed by Dr Ioan G Rees, training delivered across the UK
The 3 session change programme© (3 scp©) was developed following years of research and practice in using the solution-oriented therapy model with a wide range of client groups. It's focus is on being; clear, simple, flexible and results oriented. The 3 scp© is an intensive, highly effective approach which combines the very best of Solution-focused technique, Collaborative-Competency and Narrative Therapy approaches. It can be easily learnt and taught to professionals working in a variety of contexts. Particularly useful for those workers with very little time on their hands, having to work briefly and flexibly with clients, yet wishing an effective and strengths-based model to implement. The programme offers a clear structure in which to apply the tools of solution-oriented therapy which enables a transparent method for measuring client progress against stated goals. The 3scp© is very effective in assisting clients meet their goals. It is suggested that significant change toward the desired goal should be noticed during the programme. As this is normally the case, clients usually 'graduate' the programme, having achieved their goals or are state of 'satisfactory' progress, and no longer require such intensive support. Guidelines are provided to workers faced with situations where clients have not found the 3scp© helpful in the reaching of their goals. |
| Outcome Studies References regarding Solution Oriented Brief Therapy: Full credit goes to Dr Alasdair MacDonald for writing this list www.ebta.nu Credit to Prof Wallich Gingerich for his kind permission to reproduce the following section on Outcome from his website www.gingerich.net *published
*Beyebach M, Morejon AR, Palenzuela DL, Rodriguez-Arias JL
Research on the process of solution-focused brief therapy. In: Miller SD, Hubble MA, Duncan BL (eds) (1996) Handbook of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco (p 299-334). 39 outpatients at mental health clinic; 80% goal achieved, avg 5 sess, mean 33 min / session; concrete goals and pretreatment change important - mark.beyebach@upsa.es
*Beyebach M, Rodriguez Sanchez M S, Arribas de Miguel J, Herrero de Vega M, Hernandez C, Rodriguez Morejon, A (2000)
Outcome of solution-focused therapy at a university family therapy center. Journal of Systemic Therapies (in press). 83 cases; telephone follow-up, most 1 yr +. 82% satisfied; better outcome for 'individual' problems than for 'relational'; more dropout for trainees; avg 4.7 sess.
*Burr W (1993)
Evaluation der Anwendung losungsorientierter Kurztherapie in einer kinder- und jugendpsychiartischen Praxis (Evaluation of the use of brief therapy in a practice for children and adolescents). Familiendynamik, 18: 11-21.(German: abstract in English). 55 cases; follow-up avg 9 mon. 34 replies - 26 (77%) improved. Avg 4 sess; new problems reported in 4 with improvement and 4 without - wburr@t-online.de
**Cockburn JT, Thomas FN, Cockburn OJ (1997)
Solution-focused therapy and psychosocial adjustment to orthopedic rehabilitation in a work hardening program. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 7, 97-106. 25 experimental: 6 sfbt sess vs 23 controls: standard rehabilitation. 68% experimental at work within 7 days at 60-day follow-up vs 4% controls - Fthomas@twu.edu
*Cruz J, Littrell JM (1998)
Brief counseling with Hispanic American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 26, 227-238. 16 students; 2 sess; follow-up 2 wk. 10 achieved 54.7% of goal.
*DeJong P, Hopwood LE
Outcome research on treatment conducted at the Brief Family Therapy Center 1992-1993. In: Miller SD, Hubble MA, Duncan BL (eds) (1996) Handbook of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco (p 272-298). 275 cases: age 50%<19, 93%<45; avg 2.9 sess; follow-up avg 8 mon; 141 contacted. 45% goal achieved, 32% some progress. Equal outcomes by age, gender, race, economic status. (Immediate post therapy measure of change in scaling scores for 136 collected: 25% significant progress; 49% moderate progress; 26% no progress. Berg IK and DeJong P Solution-building Conversations: Co-Constructing a Sense of Competence with Clients. Families in Society, 1996, 376-391) - djon@calvin.edu
*de Shazer S (1985)
Keys to Solutions in Brief Therapy. Norton: New York. (p147-157). 6 mon follow-up of 28 cases who had received formula first session task. 23 (82%) improved; 25 solved other problems. Avg 5 sess - Briefftc@aol.com
*de Shazer S (1991)
Putting Differences To Work. Norton: New York. (161-162). 29 cases: 23 (80%) reported that they had either resolved their original difficulty, or made significant progress towards resolving it. At 18 mon success rate was 86%; 67% reported other improvements also. Avg 4.6 sess: 4 sess or more did better.
*Eakes G, Walsh S, Markowski M, Cain H, Swanson M (1997)
Family-centred brief solution-focused therapy with chronic schizophrenia: a pilot study. Journal of Family Therapy, 19, 145-158. Experimental and control groups: 5 clients and families each. Reflecting team present; no miracle question. Experimental group: Family Environment Scale showed significant increase in expressiveness, active-recreational orientation and decrease in incongruence. Controls: moral-religious emphasis increased.
* Franklin C, Biever J, Moore KC, Clemons D, Scamardo, M (1998) (submitted)
The effectiveness of solution-focused therapy with children in a school setting. 19 cases: 7 investigated. 1 mon baseline (objective measures); avg 7 sess. Some improvement in all; 4 of 5 better at 1 month follow up - cfranklin@mail.utexas.edu
**Franklin C, Corcoran J, Nowicki J, Streeter CL (1997)
Using client self-anchored scales to measure outcomes in solution-focused therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 16, 246-265. Pilot study (3 cases) of this measure as a test of outcome.
*George E, Iveson, C, Ratner H (1990)
Problem to Solution. Brief TherapyPress: London. 6 mon telephone follow-up: 41 of 62 traced were satisfied - brief3@aol.com
*Gingerich W, Eisengart S (2000)
Solution-focused brief therapy: a review of the outcome research. Family Process, 39, 477-498. Fifteen outcome studies traced and reviewed - wjg4@po.cwru.edu
*Isebaert L, Vuysse S (in preparation)
4 yr telephone follow-up of 131 alcoholics after inpatient episode: 100 (76%) stable, 9 alcohol deaths. Only relevant variable was therapy; social class was not a factor. - luc.isebaert@skynet.be
*Johnson LD, Shaha S (1996)
Improving quality in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 33, 225-236. 38 cases, OQ-45 checklist (symptoms, relationships, social role). Improvement after avg. 4.77 sess - ljohnson@INCONNECT.COM
**Lambert MJ, Okiishi JC, Finch AE, Johnson LD (1998)
Outcome assessment: From conceptualization to implementation. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 29, 63-70. 22 cases from Johnson & Shaha (1996) compared with 45 at university public mental health center. Both methods achieved 46% recovered by objective criteria (OQ-45) ('Improved' cases not reported); sfbt by 3rd sess, center by 26th.
**LaFountain RM, Garner NE (1996)
Solution-focused counselling groups: the results are in. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 21, 128-143. Exp. 27 sfbt counsellors, 176 students; control 30 non-sfbt counsellors, 135 students. Exp. students better on 3 of 8 measures, 81% goal achievement in exp (controls no report). Less exhaustion and depersonalisation in sfbt counsellers at 1 yr.
*Lee MY (1997)
A study of solution-focused brief family therapy: outcomes and issues. American Journal of Family Therapy, 25, 3-17. 59 families; 6 mon telephone follow-up, independent raters. 64.9% improved (goal achieved 54.4%; part goal 10.5%) avg 5.5 sess. (Report soon on sfbt in depression using standard outcome measures) - lee.355@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu
*Lee MY, Greene GJ, Uken A, Sebold J, Rheinsheld J (1997)
Solution-focused brief group treatment: a viable modality for domestic violence offenders? Journal of Collaborative Therapies, IV, 10-17. Sciotto study: 117 clients, 1993-1997; standard 6 sess completed by 88. 7% (6) reoffend. Plumas study: 1994-1996: 34 clients completed 7 of 8 standard sess. 3% (1) reoffend. (Not yet published: 17% reoffend at 6 yr followup) - pcmhs@psln.com - uken@ips.net
**Lindforss L, Magnusson D (1997)
Solution-focused therapy in prison. Contemporary Family Therapy, 19, 89-104. Randomised: 30 experimental and 29 controls; 16 mon follow-up. 18 (60%) reoffend in exp., 25 (86%) in control; more drug offences and more total offences in controls. Pilot study 14/21 (66%) exp. and 10/12 (90%) controls reoffended at 20 mon. Avg 5 sess; 2.7 million Swedish crowns saved by reduced reoffending - lotta.lindforss@mbox200.se - dan.magnusson@brottsforebygganderadet.se
**Littrell JM, Malia JA, Vanderwood M (1995)
Single-session brief counseling in a high school. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 451-458. 61 students; 19 problem focus and task, 20 problem focus only, 22 solution focus and task. 69% better at 6 wk follow-up in all groups but shorter sessions in sfbt - jlittrel@iastate.edu
*Macdonald AJ (1994)
Brief therapy in adult psychiatry. Journal of Family
Therapy, 16, 415-426. 41 cases; 1 yr follow-up. 29 (70%) improved - longstanding problems did less well. Equal outcome for all social classes; avg 3.7 sess - ajmacdon@psychsft.freeserve.co.uk
*Macdonald AJ (1997)
Brief therapy in adult psychiatry: further outcomes. Journal of Family Therapy, 19, 213-222. 36 cases; 1 yr follow-up. 23 (64%) improved; other problems solved in 10 with good outcome and 2 in the other group. Longstanding problems did less well; equal outcome for all social classes; avg 3.3 sess.
*Morrison JA, Olivos K, Dominguez G, Gomez D, Lena D (1993)
The application of family systems approaches to school behaviour problems on a school-level discipline board: an outcome study. Elementary School Guidance & Counselling, 27, 258-272. 30 with school problems (6 special education); 1-7 sess. 23 improved but 5 relapsed.
*Perez Grande MD (1991)
Evaluacion de resultados en terapia sistemica breve (Outcome research in brief systemic therapy). Cuadernos de Terapia Familiar, 18, 93-110. 97 cases, 25% children; avg 5 sess. 71% better at end. 6-35 (avg 19) mon telephone follow-up: 81 traced. 12% relapse; 38% other problems better. More dropout if longstanding problem.
**Springer DW, Lynch C, Rubin A (2000)
Effects of a solution-focused mutual aid group for Hispanic children of incarcerated parents. Child and Adolescent Social Work, 17, 431-442. 5 schoolchildren offered 6 session group using sft / interactional / mutual aid approaches vs 5 waiting list controls. Possibly significant increase in self-esteem in experimental group.
*Sundmann, P (1997)
Solution-focused ideas in social work. Journal of Family Therapy, 19, 159-172. 9 social workers in the experimental group received basic training in solution-focused ideas while 9 controls worked as usual. Session tapes and questionnaires were analysed at 6 mon. More positive statements, more goal focus and more shared views were found in the experimental group - peters@megabaud.fi
*Thompson R, Littrell JM (2000)
Brief counseling for students with learning disabilities. The School Counselor (in press). 12 students; 2 sess; follow-up 2 wk. 10 achieved 100% of goal.
**Triantafillou N (1997)
A solution-focused approach to mental health supervision. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 16, 305-328. Residential staff training. 5 adolescent clients: 66% less incidents, less medication use vs 7 controls: 10% less incidents, medication increased at 16 wks - nickt@interlynx.net
*Vaughn K, Young BC, Webster DC, Thomas MR
A continuum-of-care model for inpatient psychiatric treatment. In: Miller SD, Hubble MA, Duncan BL (eds) (1996) Handbook of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco (p 99-127). 688 cases before sfbt model avg stay 20.2 days; 675 cases after avg stay 6.6 days.
**Wheeler J (1995)
Believing in miracles: the implications and possibilities of using solution-focused therapy in a child mental health setting. ACPP Reviews & Newsletter, 17, 255-261. 3 mon follow-up of 34 (traced) sfbt referrals and 39 (traced) routine referrals: 23 (68%) vs 17 (44%) satisfied; other clinic resources used by 4 (12%) vs 12 (31%) - John@jwheeler.freeserve.co.uk
**Zimmerman TS, Jacobsen RB, MacIntyre M, Watson C (1996)
Solution-focused parenting groups: an empirical study. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 15, 12-25. 30 clients, 6 sess; 12 controls no treatment. Improvement on Parenting Skills Inventory; no change on Family Strengths Assessment - lindsay@picasso.colostate.edu
**Zimmerman TS, Prest LA, Wetzel BE (1997)
Solution-focused couples therapy groups: an empirical study. Journal of Family Therapy, 19, 125-144. Six weekly groups; 23 experimental and 13 controls; groups comparable on Marital Status Inventory. Experimental clients improved on Dyadic Adjustment Scale. | | Future Developments: *Dr Mark Beyebach
Salamanca: solution-focused Master's in psychology available. Research in sfbt process: miracle question and its effect on goal definition etc; similar projects on pre-session change, scaling and overall changes are being developed. Studies on self-esteem as a factor in therapy.
*Ioan G Rees
76 Psychologist: Adolescent dyads. Study of perceptions of Solution Oriented therapeutic relationship and effect on outcome - ioangrees@sycol.org
*Insoo Kim Berg
Study of helping relationship in child protection services in Michigan - briefftc@aol.com
*Melissa Darmody, Dublin
Project awaiting publication: goals and Coping Resources Inventory (CRI) at start; session comments and CRI at session 4 or last; CRI at 3/12 later - darmody@tinet.ie
*Wolfgang Eberling, Bremen
Outcome research in problem drinking; monitoring of events within therapy sessions - NIK-Bremen@t-online.de
*Dr George S Greenberg, New Orleans
Group work in various settings using sfbt. Many publications - btcftinola@webtv.net
*Dr Luc Isebaert, Bruges
Four-year follow-up of alcoholics; measures of personality, diagnosis, relationship state and alcohol use - luc.isebaert@azbrugge.be
*Bill O'Connell, Birmingham, UK
2-year Master's in sfbt - w.oconnell@westhill.ac.uk
*Cynthia Osborn, Ohio
Looking at attitudes of alcohol counsellors to sfbt concepts - osborn@ouvaxa.cats.ohiou.edu
*Heike Schemmel, Bamberg
Study based on review session with clients after 6 mon. Also using sfbt questions in study of qualitative changes in gender and self-perception in relation to disability - heike.schemmel@t-online.de
*Karin Wallgren and Caroline Klingenstierna, Stockholm
Randomised controlled studies of sfbt groups for returning unemployed to work - wallgren.karin@telia.com - caroline@solutionwork.com
*Ronald Warner, Toronto
Evaluation of sfbt teaching and workshops - ronald.warner@UTORONTO.CA |
| General References in Solution Oriented Brief Therapy Principles and techniques:
de Shazer, S. (1985). Keys to solutions in brief therapy. New York : Norton.
de Shazer, S. (1988). Clues: Investigating solutions in brief therapy. New York : Norton.
de Shazer, S. (1991). Putting difference to work. New York : Norton.
de Shazer, S. (1994). Words were originally magic. New York : Norton.
George, E., Iveson, C. and Ratner, H. (1990). Problem to Solution: Brief Therapy with Individuals and Families. London : BT Press. Children:
Furman, B. (1997) It's Never Too Late To Have a Happy Childhood: From adversity to resilience. London: BT Press.
Selekman, M. D. (1997) Solution Focused Therapy with Children: Harnessing family strengths for systemic change. . New York : Guilford. Adolescents:
Selekman, M. D. (1993) Pathways to change : Brief therapy solutions with difficult adolescents. New York : Guilford.
Parents: Metcalf, L. (1996). Parenting Toward Solutions: How parents can use skills they already have to raise responsible, loving kids. New York: Prentice Hall.
' The Solution-Oriented Parenting Group', Chapter 7 (pp160-170) in Selekman, M. D. (1993) Pathways to change : Brief therapy solutions with difficult adolescents. New York : Guilford.
School:
Davis, T. E. and Osborn, C. J. (2000) The Solution Focused School Counselor: Shaping Professional Practice. Philadelphia PA: Accelerated Development.
Durrant, M. (1995) Creative Strategies for School Problems: Solutions for psychologists and Teachers. New York: Norton.
Kral, R. (1995). Strategies that work: Techniques for solution in schools. Milwaukee WI: Brief Family Therapy Center Press.
Murphy, J. J. and Duncan, B. L. (1997) Brief Intervention for School Problems: Collaborating for School Problems. New York: Guilford Press.
Murphy, J. J. (1997) Solution-Focused Counseling in Middle and High Schools. Alexandria VA: American Counseling Association.
Rhodes, J & Ajmal, Y. (1995) Solution Focused Thinking in Schools. London: BT Press.
Rees, I. (2001) Pupil Support: A solution focused approach. Postive Behaviour Management: Sycol.
Research:
Hubble, M. A., Miller, B. L. and Miller, S. D. (1999) Heart and Soul of Change: What works in Brief Therapy. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Web Links in Solution Oriented Brief Therapy:
www.briefcoaching.com
www.brief-therapy.org
www.talkingcure.com Scott Miller and members of the Institute for the Study of Therapeutic Change have a regularly updated site relating to many topics, including up to date outcome research on efficacy. www.brieftherapy.com Enter Bill O'Hanlon's Possibility Land. Bill's books, tapes and services are all here. |
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